SEZ in India

India was one of the first countries in Asia to recognize the effectiveness of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) model in promoting exports, with Asia's first EPZ set up in Kandla in 1965. In order to overcome the shortcomings experienced on account of the multiplicity of controls and clearances; absence of world-class infrastructure, and an unstable fiscal regime and with a view to attract larger foreign investments in India, the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000.

   The SEZ Act, 2005, was an important bill to be passed by the Government of India in order to instill confidence in investors and signal the Government's commitment to a stable SEZ policy regime and with a view to impart stability to the SEZ regime thereby generating greater economic activity and employment through their establishment, a comprehensive draft SEZ Bill prepared after extensive discussions with the stakeholders.

  The main objectives of the SEZ Act are:

(a) generation of additional economic activity
(b) promotion of exports of goods and services;
(c) promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources;
(d) creation of employment opportunities;
(e) development of infrastructure facilities;

It is expected that this will trigger a large flow of foreign and domestic investment in SEZs, in infrastructure and productive capacity, leading to generation of additional economic activity and creation of employment opportunities.

      As on 17.07.13, a total 576   SEZs have  been approved by the Government with Andhra Pradesh having 109 SEZs. During this time, 102 SEZs have been received green signal in Maharashtra followed by Tamilnadu 67, Karnataka 61 and UttarPradesh 31. Among the Eastern states, West Bengal got 18 SEZs approvals.

Under the approved SEZs, 353 units have been set up in Semi-conductor group, 21 Engineering, 32 Bio-Tech and 23 Pharma and Chemical group. Gems and Gewellery sector also occupies a  large chunk of SEZ section with 13 units.

There are six Special Economic Zones operational in India. They are,

-         Kandla Special Economic Zone

-         Cochin Special Economic Zone- 93 units are operational under this zone

-         Madras Special Economic Zone

-         Visakhapatnam Special Economic Zone- 106 units are operational under this zone

-         Falta Special Economic Zone- Six units are operational under this zone

-         Noida Special Economic Zone- 20 units are operational in this zone

The total exports from the SEZs during the last seven years and the current financial year are as under:

Financial Year	Exports from SEZs  (Value  in Rs. Crore)
2006-2007	34,615
2007-2008	66,638
2008-2009	99,689
2009-2010	2,20,711
2010-2011	3,15,868
2011-2012	3,64,478
2012-2013	4,76,159
2013-2014*	1,13,299

Minorities Development in India

India is a democratic country where people of all community live in peace and harmony. All major religions of the world are found in India. As such, Hindus are the majority community and the minority community includes Muslims,  Sikhs,  Christians,  Buddhists and Zoroastrians (Parsis) as notified under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.

Minorities are playing a very vital role in India’s political and social upliftment, contributing significantly in the development of our country. Governments from time to time have formulated programmes and schemes for socio-economic upliftment of minorities.

For this purpose Government of India created the Ministry of Minority Affairs, which aims at empowering the minority communities and creating an enabling environment for strengthening the multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-lingual and multi-religious character of our nation. It also aims at improving the socio-economic conditions of the minority communities through affirmative action and inclusive development, so that every citizen has equal opportunity to participate actively in building a vibrant nation.

To facilitate an equitable share for minority communities in education, employment, economic activities and to ensure their upliftment, Prime Minister's New 15-Point Programme for the Welfare of Minorities was announced in June, 2006. It provides programme specific interventions with definite goals which are to be achieved in a time bound manner. The objectives of the programme are: (a) Enhancing opportunities for education; (b) Ensuring an equitable share for minorities in economic activities and employment through existing and new schemes, enhanced credit support for self-employment and recruitment to State and Central Government jobs; (c) Improving the conditions of living of minorities by ensuring an appropriate share for them in infrastructure development schemes; and (d) Prevention and control of communal disharmony and violence.

An important aim of the programme has been to ensure that the benefits of various government schemes for the underprivileged reach the disadvantaged sections of the minority communities. In order to ensure that the benefits of these schemes flow equitably to the minorities, the programme envisages location of a certain proportion of development projects in minority concentration areas. The schemes included in the New 15-Point Programme are as under;

• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme by providing services through Anganwadi Centres {Ministry of Women & Child Development}.
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme (KGBV) {Ministry of Human Resources Development}
• Aajeevika{Ministry of Rural Development}
• Swarnajayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY) {Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation}
• Upgradation of Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) {Ministry of Labour & Employment}
• Bank credit under priority sector lending {Department of Financial Services}
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) {Ministry of Rural Development}

Also acting on the Sachar Committee report, the Government has initiated several measures as:

• Universalization of access to quality education at secondary stage called Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA).
• One model college each would be set up in 374 educationally backward districts (EBDs) of the country. Of 374 EBDs, 67 are among identified minority concentration districts.
• Preference to be given by the University Grants Commission for provision of girls' hostels in universities and colleges in the areas where there is concentration of minorities especially Muslims.
• Area Intensive & Madarsa Modernisation Programme has been revised and bifurcated into two schemes. (a) Scheme for Providing Quality Education in Madarsas (SPQEM). It was attractive provision for better teachers' salary, increased assistance for books, teaching aids and computers and introduction of vocational subjects, etc and the other scheme which provides financial assistance for Infrastructure Development of Private aided/unaided Minority Institutes (IDMI).
• Academies for professional development of Urdu medium teachers have been set up at three Central Universities namely, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Jamia Milia Islamia University (JMIU), New Delhi and Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MAANU), Hyderabad.

Also, the Government has launched the Multi-sectoral Development Programme (MsDP) in 2008-09. The programme aims at improving the socio-economic and basic amenity facilities for improving the quality of life of the people and reducing imbalances in the Minority Concentration Districts (MCDs). Identified 'development deficits' are addressed through a district specific plan for provision of better infrastructure for school and secondary education, sanitation, pucca housing, drinking water and electricity supply, besides beneficiary oriented schemes for creating income generating activities. Absolutely critical infrastructure linkages like connecting roads, basic health infrastructure, ICDS centers, skill development and marketing facilities required for improving living conditions and income generating activities and catalyzing the growth process are eligible for inclusion in the plan.

The Ministry of Minority Affairs is also providing several scholarships to the minority communities to empower them educationally and socially across the country. These include: (a) The Pre-matric scholarship scheme. (b) Post-matric scholarship scheme. (c) The Merit-cum-Means Scholarship Scheme. (d) The Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF). (e) The Free Coaching and Allied Scheme. (f) Leadership Development of Minority Women scheme. (g) Grant In Aid Scheme to State Channelising agencies of National Minorities Development & Finance Corporation.

In this way the Government of India is making every effort for upliftment of minorities so that they can stand with others side by side in all spheres of life and live a dignified life.

Establishment of Atomic Power Stations in the Country

Twenty nuclear power reactors with a total installed generation capacity of 4780 MW are currently in operation in India. In addition, seven nuclear power reactors are at various stages of construction/commissioning. Start of work on nineteen new nuclear power reactors is planned in the XII Five Year Plan.

Implementation of the proposed nuclear power projects are in line with Five Year Plan proposals. The Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R&R) in respect of nuclear power projects, where applicable, are in accordance with laws/policies of the respective state.

The new projects during the XII Five Year Plan are planned to be set up in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. The details are as under:

Project	Location	Type	Capacity (MW)
Indigenous Reactors
Gorakhpur 1&2	Gorakhpur, Haryana	PHWR	2 x 700
Chutka 1&2	Chutka, Madhya Pradesh		2 x 700
Mahi Banswara, 1&2	Mahi Banswara, Rajasthan		2 x 700
Kaiga 5&6	Kaiga, Karnataka		2 x 700
FBR 1&2	Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu	FBR	2 x 500
AHWR	Location to be decided	AHWR	300
Reactors with International Co-operation
Kudankulam 3&4	Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu	LWR	2 x 1000
Jaitapur 1&2	Jaitapur, Maharashtra		2 x 1650
Kovvada, 1&2	Kovvada, Andhra Pradesh		2 x 1500
Chhaya Mithi Virdi, 1&2	Chhaya Mithi Virdi, Gujarat		2 x 1100

Explanation for the different types of reactors indicated above is given below:

PHWR  :  Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors of indigenous design using Uranium based fuel.

FBR      :  Fast Breeder Reactors of indigenous design using Plutonium and Uranium based fuel.

AHWR  :   Advanced Heavy Water Reactor using enriched Uranium/Plutonium and  Thorium based fuel.

LWR     :  Light Water Reactors imported from foreign suppliers using enriched Uranium based fuel.

Water Dispute Tribunals

There are 8 no. of Inter-State River Water Disputes  tribunal set up under Inter State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956. Their present status are as follows:

S. No	Name of Tribunal	States concerned	Date of constitution	Present Status
1.	Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal	Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh & Orissa	April, 1969	Award given on July, 1980
2	Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal -I	Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,	April, 1969	Award given on May, 1976
3	Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal	Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra	October, 1969	Award given on December, 1979
4	Ravi & BeasWater Tribunal	Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan	April, 1986	Report under section 5(2) given in April, 1987. A Presidential Reference in the matter is before Supreme Court and the matter is sub-judice.Further report under Section 5(3) is alsosubjudice.
5.	Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal	Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Puduchery	June, 1990	Report under section 5(2) given on 5.2.2007. Special Leave Petition (SLP) filed by party States inHon’ble Supreme Court pending and the matter is           sub-judice.Further report under Section 5(3) is alsosubjudice..
6.	Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal -II	Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra	April, 2004	Report under section 5(2)   given on 30.12. 2010.Further report under Section 5(3) issubjudice.
7.	VansadharaWater Disputes Tribunal	Andhra Pradesh & Orissa	February, 2010	Report under section 5(2) issubjudice.
8.	Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal	Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra	November, 2010	Report and Decision under section 5(2) issubjudice.

The proposal to set up a standing tribunal in place of the existing tribunals to resolve the water disputes among the States is at a conceptual stage.