Land and The People

• It is the 7th largest country in the world.
• India covers an area of 32,87,263 sq k.
• The mainland extends between latitudes 804’ and 3706’ north, lngitudes 6807’ and 97025’ east and measures about 3,214 km from north to south between the extrem latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to wet between the extreme longitudes.
• It has a land frontier of about 15,200 km.
• the total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km.
• India is the tenth industrialized country in the world.
• It is the sixth nation to have gone into outer space.
• India lies entirely in the northern hemisphere.
• Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by trhe Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
• India is the world largest, oldest, continuous civilization.
• India never invaded any country in her last 10000 years of history.
• India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.
• The World’s first university wwas established in Takshashila in 700BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC was one of the gretest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
• Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages. Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software - a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987.
• Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful place in our civilization. • The art of Nagivation was born in the river Sindhu 6000 years ago. The very world Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The world navy is also derived from Sanskrit ‘Nou’.
• Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. Time taken by earth to orbit the sun : (5th cenury) 365.258756484 days.
• The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana, and the explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He descovered this in the 6th century long before the European mathematicians.
• Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10**53 (10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 BC during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera 10*12(10 to the powre of 12).
• Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like ceasreans, cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. Over 125 surgical equipmentwere used. Deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts.
• The four religions born in India, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world’s population.
• There are 300,000 active mosques in India, more than in any other country, including the Muslim world.
• The name ‘India’ is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.
• The place value system, the decimal system was developped in India in 100 BC.
• India is the only English speaking nation in the world.
• India is the only country other than US and Japan, to have built a super computer indigenously.
• The World’s FirstGranite Temple is the Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The shikhara of the temple is made from a single 80-tonner piece of granite. This magnificent temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola.
• The largest religious building in the world is Angkor Wat, a Hindu Temple in Cambodia built at the end of the 11th century.
• The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the world’s largest religious pilgrimage destination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday.
• Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.
• Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.

Physical Features

• The plains of the Ganga and the Indus are one of the world’s greatest stretches of flat alluvium and also one of the most densely populated areas on the earth.
• The Peninsular Plateau is marked off from the palins of the Ganga and the Indus by a mass of mountain and hill ranges varying from 460 to 1,220 metres in height.
• Prominent among these are the Aravalli, Vanidhya, Satpura, Maikala and Ajanta.
• The southern point of plateau is formed by the Nilgiri Hills where the Eastern and the Western Ghats meet.
• The Cardamom Hills lying beyond may be regarded as a continuation of the Western Ghats.

Geological Structure

• The Indo-Ganga plains are a great alluvial tract that separate the Himalayas in the north from the Peninsula in the south.
• The Peninsula is a region of relative stability and occasional seismic distubances.
• Highly metamorphosed rocks of the earliest periods, dating back as far as 380 crore years, occur in the area; the rest being covered by the coastal-bearing Gondwana formations, lava flows belonging to the Deccan Trap formation and younger sediments.

River Systems

The river systems of India can be classified into four groups viz.,

1. Himalayan rivers
2. Deccan rivers
3. Coastal rivers, and
4. Rivers of the inland

• The Himalayan rivers are formed by melting snow and glaciers and therefore, continuously flow throughout the year.
• The Deccan rivers on the other hand are rainfed and therefore fluctucate in volume. Many of these are non-perennial.
• Coastal streams, especially on the west coast are short in length and have limited catchment areas. Most of them are non-perennial.
• The streams of inland drainage basin of western Rajasthan are few and far apart.

River System of India

I. The Indus System

Name	Source	Outflow	Information
1. Indus (2900 Km.)	Tibet, near Mansarovar lake	Arab Sea	Its mountain tributaries are Gilit, Shyok, Shigoo. Its plain tributaries are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Satluj and Beas
2. Jhelum (1,800 Km.)	Varinag	Arab Sea	Its basin is between Great Himalayas and Pir Panjal Range
3. Chenab (1,800 km.)	Kullu Hills Himachal)	Arab Sea	It is the largest tributary of Indus. It flows between Great Himalayas and Pir Panjal Range.
4. Ravi (759 km.)	Kullu Hills (Himachal) (Pradesh)	Arab Sea
5. Satluj (1050 km) in India	Rakas Lake (Tibet)	Arab Sea	It is the second largest tributary of Indus River. It enters India through Shipki La
6. Beas (460 km. in India)	Near Rohtang	Ara Sea	It joins Satluj near Harike

II. The Ganga System

III. The Brahmaputra System

Name	Source	Outflow	Infomation
Brahmaputra or Tsangpo (2900 Km.)	Chemayung- dung Glacier (Kailash)	Bay of Bengal	Its important tributaries are Subansiri, Kameng, Dihang, Dhansiri, Tista, Lohit, Manas and Torsa.

IV. The Godvari System

Name	Source	Outflow	Infomation
Godavari (1,450 Km.)	Trimbak Plateau (Near Nasik)	Bay of Bengal	It is the largest river of Penisular India. Its left bank tributaries are Penganga, Wardha, Indrawati, Wainganga, and Sabri. Its right bank tributaries is Manjra.

V. The Krishna System

Name	Source	Outflow	Infomation
Krishna (1,290 Km.)	North of Mahabalesh-war	Bay of Bengal	It is the second largst riger of Penisular India Its important tributaries are Bhima, Tungbhadra, Ghat Prabha,Malprabha, Koyna.

Other Penisular Rivers

Flora

• India can be divided into eight distinct-floristic-regions, namely,

1. the western Himalayas
2. the eastern Himalayas
3. Assam
4. the Indus plain
5. the Ganga plain
6. the Deccan
7. Malabar 8. the Andamans.

• The Western Himalayan region extends from Kashmir to Kumaon.
• Its temperate zone is rich in forests of chir, pine, other conifers and broad-leaved temperate trees. Higher up, forests of deodar, blue pine, spruce and silver fir occur.
• The alpine zone extends fromthe upper limit of temperate zone of about 4,750 metres of even highter.
• The characteristic trees of this zone are high-level silver fir, silver birchand junipers.
• The easternHimalayan region extends from Sikkim eastwards and embraces Darjeeling, Kurseong and the adjacent tract.
• The temperate zone has forests of oaks, laurels, maples, rhododendrons, alder and birch. Many conifers, junipers and dwarf willows also grow here.
• The Assam region comprises the Brahamaputra and the Surma valleys with evergreen forests, occasional thick clumps of bamboos and tall grases.
• The Indus plain region comprises the plains of Punjab, western Rajasthan and northern Gujarat.
• It is dry and hot and supports natural vegetation.
• The Ganga plain region covers the area which is alluvial plain and is under cultivationfor wheat, sugarcane and rice.
• The Deccan region comprises the entire table land of the Indian Peninsula and supports vegetation of various kinds fromshurbs jungles to mixed deciduous forests.
• The Malabar region covers the excessively humid belt ofmountain country parallel to the west coast of the Peninsula.
• Besides being rich in forest vegetation, this region produces important commercial crops, such as oconut, betel nut, pepper, coffee and tea, rubber and cashew nut.
• The Andaman region abounds in evergreen, mangrove, beach and diluvial forests.
• Available data place India in the tenth position in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity.
• From about 70 per cent geographical area surveyed so far, over 46,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Kolkata.
• The vascular flora, which forms the conspicuous vegetation cover, comprises 15,000 species.
• More than 800 plant species of ethno-botanical interest have been collected and identified at different centres.
• About 1,336 plant species are considered vulnerable and endangered.
• About 20 species of higher plants are categorised as possibly extinct as these have not been sighted during the last 6-10 decades.
• The BSI brings out an inventory of endagered plants in the form of a publication titled Red Data Book.

Fauna

• The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), with its headquarters inKolkata and 16 regional stations is responsible for surveying the faunal resources of India.
• India has great variety of fauna numbering over 90,000 scpecie. Anthropoda 69,906 is the biggest phyllum.
• Rivers and lakes harbour crocodiles and gharials, the latter being the only representative of crocodilian order in the world.
• The salt water crocodile is found along the eastern coast and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• A project for breeding crocodiles which started in 1974, has been instrument in saving the crocodile from extinction.

ANIMALS & PLANTS

Animals, Mammals and Birds (and places where they are found)
lbatross: Sea birds; North Pacific, off the American coast.
Alpaca: Animal found in Chile (South America).
Anatolian goat: Angora wool is sheered from this goat.
Beaver: found in Europe (Russia and Poland) and North America. It is a genus of mammals of the Rodentia order with short scaly ears and webbed hind feet and broad flat muscular tail. It attains a length of 2.5 to 3 ft. Its skin is of considerable commercial value. It is noted for ingenuity and industry in building houses and damming shallow streams. It is also valued for its reddish brown fur and a secretion castoreum (caster oil) used in medicines and perfumes.
Camel: Found in deserts of Arabia and India. It has long legs with padded feet, a long neck with a hump on its back. Its hump is made up of fat and is a store-house for food. It can also store water in the stomach and can go for days without a drink.
Caribou: is an animal, also called reindeer.
Chameleon: It is a family of lizards of which these are numerous species. The common chameleon is a native of Africa. It is about 12 inches long including tail. Chameleon is remarkable for its power of changing colour to resemble its surroundings when surprised—a power that is due to the presence of pigment bearing cells beneath the skin. It is slow in movement.
Chamois: a species of antelope and a native of Western Europe and Asia; from its flesh, chamois leather is made. It is not much larger than a goat and lives in mountainous regions. It possesses wonderful leaping power and is difficult to capture.
Cheeta: Found in India and Africa.
Cod: are well-known food-fish. These are found in abundance on the British coast and on the banks laying off Newfoundland. The extraction of oil which these cod fish yield forms an important industry.
Corals: Small marine animals closely related to sea-anemone, found mainly in the Mediterranean; also found in the Pacific and in the Indian Ocean.
Dinosaur: a group of extinct reptiles of the Mesozoic period, some of which were of immense size. Diplodocus is one of the best known of the extinct mammoth dinosaurs. Fossil remains have been discovered in the Jurassic rocks of the United States. Some reach a length of over 80 ft. Dinosaurs roamed the earth about 180 million years ago.
Elephant: Found in Africa and India. It is the largest existing quadruped 8 to 14 ft. in height weighing up to five tons. Usually dark grey in colour, small eyes, large ears and nose extending to form trunk which almost reaches the ground and is flexible. Both males and females have large ivory tusks of considerable commercial value. The Indian elephant is domesticated and used as a beast of burden. An elephant can carry up to 2,000 lbs. on long journeys maintaining a pace of about 6 km per hour.
Emu: running bird of Australia. It is the largest of living birds after the Ostrich.
Giraffe: Found in Africa and South Sahara except in the Congo forests. It is the tallest of existing animals reaching a height of 18 to 20 ft. when fully grown. It is of high fawn colour marked with dark spots and has a prehensile tongue. Its sloping back and elongated neck seem to be the natural evolution of an animal that has to feed on the branches of trees.
Gnu: Animal found in East Africa.
Guano: Bird; west coast of South America; Africa.
Hamdaryad: Large snake 12-14 ft. long extremely poisonous; found in India, Philippines and South China.
Herring: a common sea-fish abounding in northern seas and found in large numbers round the British coasts.
Ibex: wild goats of several species, the male having exceedingly curved ridged horns; found in the mountain regions of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Ilama: a dwarf camel-like animal found in South America. It has no hump, but has a long neck and is used as a beast of burden.
Kangaroo: is a pouched (marsupial) mammal of Australia and adjacent islands. It can leap in a succession of springly bounds 10-20 ft. long, the fore-feet not touching the ground. It can reach a height of over 6 ft.
Kiwi: flightless bird; found in New Zealand; now very rare. It is little larger than a domestic hen and lays astonishingly large eggs for their size. It is nocturnal in habit. Its feathers are hair-like and it has rudimentary wings concealed by the plumage.
Koala: Animal found in Australia.
Ladybird: It is an insect usually of a red or yellow colour with small coloured or black spots.
Lion: Found in Gujarat Kathiawar jungles in India; Africa.
Musk-deer: Animal found in North Canada.
Mustang: Animal found in American prairies.
Nightingale: A singing bird found in India.
Octopus: a genus of marine molluscs with eight tentacles that bear suckers.
Ostrich: is the largest living bird now found only on the sandy plains of Africa and parts of South West Asia. The male has beautiful white plumes on wings and tails. The wings are useless for flight, but the birds have a fleetness of foot exceeding that of the swiftest horse. Its egg weighs 3 lbs.
Penguin: is a genus of large birds with small wings and webbed feet. They exist in enormous numbers in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Sea. Penguins breed on the rocky coast, and in the season are to be seen in vast numbers standing erect over their eggs. They are facile swimmers, and live on fish.
Plover: Bird; common in all continents except Africa and South America.
Puma: a carnivorous quardruped of North America. It is called “American Lion”. It is smaller than lion. It seldom attains a length of more than 40 in., exclusive of tail and a height of 2 ft.
Reindeer: A genus of deer horned in both sexes; Siberia. It is also called  
Rhinoceros: In the swamps of Assam and Sunderbans; South-East Asia; Africa.
Seal: Fish found in Northern Russia.
Sea Lions: One of the families of Seal found in the Pacific.
Shark: a large and powerful ocean fish, mostly found in tropical seas. Oil is obtained from its liver.
Trout: A fresh water fish of the Salmonidoe family; found in Kashmir.
Walrus: A very large marine mammal related to the Seals; Arctic Sea.
Yak: A curious long-haired ox, found in Tibet.
Yeti: or the abominable snow-man of the high Himalayas is variously described as being from 6 to 12 ft. tall half-Gorrilla-like, with shaggy body and hairless face. His foot-prints have been seen and photographed many times.
Zebra: African quadruped of whitish-grey colour with regular black stripes.

Wild Animals in India

Black Bear: is found in Kashmir, some other parts of the Himalayas and to some extent in the Terai forests.
Deer (spotted): is widely distributed in India. It is also found in Sri Lanka.
Elephants: are found in the forests of Western Ghats, Karnataka and in parts of the districts of Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Palni, and Madura hills in South India; to some extent in the eastern parts of Vishakhapatnam and in Orissa State, east of Mahanadi river.
Lion and Panther: Occur all over India. Lions are mostly found in Gir Forest (Gujarat State).
Rhinoceros (Indian): found in Chitwan forests of Nepal Terai of Gandak river, Bengal and Assam.

PLANTS, TREES ETC.

Common Trees (where grown and their usefulness)

Ash: grown in North Africa. Its wood is elastic and tough and valuable in cabinet work and barrel staves. ‘Mauna’, a medical material is extracted from the flowering ash. Ashes from tree also make a good fertilizer.
Bamboo: grown in tropical and sub-tropical lands. The tabular stems are used as pipe, boat-masts, fishing poles, lathies etc. It is used in building material. Its seeds and tender shoots are edible. Flutes are also made of it.
Camphor: grown in China, Japan and Formosa (Taiwan). It is used for the manufacture of celluloid, perfumes, disinfectants, medicine and explosives. It is used to stimulate the skin as in camphorated oil.
Cinchona: the tree is native to the Andes which is famous for its bark—source of the drug quinine. It was introduced into Sri Lanka, India, and Jawa, the latter becoming the main supplier of quinine.
Coconut Palm: grows in all tropical countries, but thrives best near the sea. Its fruit is eaten. Its oil is used for the hair, for cooking and for making face cream. Its fibre is used for stuffing mattresses and ropes. Its wood is also valuable.
Walnut: grown in England, North America and India. It yields valuable furniture wood; juice from the husk of walnuts is used to stain the skin. The fruit resembles a plum, but the ‘stone’ is edible portion furnishing the well-known wrinkled fleshy kernel.

Trees, Plants, Flowers, Fruits, Vegetables and Stones

(Description, where grown or found etc.)

Cacao: an evergreen tree, from 16 to 40 feet high. It grows abundantly in tropical America, West Africa, the West Indies and Sri Lanka
Carnation: garden plant, Great Britain.
Chrysanthemum: National flower of Japan.
Coca: shrub, South America.
Dates: fruits of the date palm tree; Iraq, Arabia and Iran.
Ebony: hard wood; Mauritius, East Indies and Sri Lanka.
Eucalyptus: a family of plants originated from Australia; oil is extracted from its leaves for use in soap-making, medicines and disinfectants.
Gooseberry: Shrub; northern hemisphere.
Jasmine: originally a Persian plant now planted in almost all parts of the world. A graceful climber belonging to olive with odoriferous blossom. Two of its species (the common and the Spanish jasmine) yield oil which is used in perfumery.
Juniper: a genus of hardy evergreen trees grown in the northern hemisphere.
Ladies Finger: vegetable; India.
Love Apple: vegetable; south west of America.
Mistletoe: a parasitic plant found growing on many trees, particularly the apple tree; Europe.
Mulberry: tree; Central Asia.
Natural Rubber: is a plant product which is chemically known as latex.
Oak: tree; North America.
Olive trees: These grow in the Mediterranean type regions.
Pine: a coniferous tree that flourishes in most northern latitudes, in the mountains of India, Tibet and China.
Sandal Wood: tree; Karnataka.
Spinach: a flowering plant grown in South and Central Europe.
Teak: a tree grown in the East Indies and Myanmar.

Tribes and Races

Afridis: A war-like race of hill men on the north-west frontier of Pakistan (tribal area of Waziristan).
Bedouins: Nomadic tribe of Arabia, spread over the whole of Northern Africa and Western Asia.
Bhils: a primitive Dravidian race inhabiting Central India.
Boer: a name applied to South Africans of Dutch or Huguenot descent, especially to early settlers of Transvaal and the Orange Free State and their descendants.
Bushmen: They live in the Kalahari desert. They are probably the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of Africa. They rank among the most uncivilized and backward peoples in the world. Their food consists almost entirely of meat, often raw or decomposed, and in times of scarcity they will eat insects, snakes etc.
Cossacks: Peasants of the south-eastern border land of Poland, or Ukraina are known as Cossacks. Many of them belong to Turkic people while many others are of a mix descent.
Eskimos: Race living in the Arctic regions: Greenland, Alaska, Labradors and the extreme north-east corner of Siberia.
Karbis: are natives of Assam.
Khasis: are a tribe inhabiting the Khasi and Jaintia hills in the north-eastern hilly tracts in Meghalaya State of India. The Khasis have their own distinctive language and culture.
Kikuyu: are a race of Bantu negroes who live in the north of Mount Kenya. They combine agriculture with pastoralism.
Kirghiz: of Central Asia are an example of people adopted to a grassland environment. They are pastoral nomads who move from pasture to pasture with the flocks and herds of horses, camels, oxen, sheep and goats. Meat forms only a small portion of their food. The Kirghiz are fearless horsemen, and even their children are expert  riders.
Kiwis: inhabit New Zealand.
Lambadies: are concentrated in Karnataka State of India.
Lepchas: are aborigins of Sikkim and Darjeeling. They are one of the Scheduled Tribes of the Hills, recognised by the Government of India.
Magyars: the Hungarian race who came to Eastern Europe from south-west Asia and settled in Hungary in the 10th century.
Mahsud: Hill-tribe living in north-west of Pakistan.
Maoris: are the original inhabitants of New Zealand. The Maoris are tall, muscular, handsome people, with brown skin and black hair. They are greatly skilled in stone and wood-carving.
Masai: of the east African Plateau are the example of pastoral people. They are tall, strong, warlike race, partly negroid in type. They treat their cattle with great respect and affection and do not kill them for food or for sale as meat.
Moplas: A Muslim tribe of Malabar (Kerala, India).
Mayas: A large group of American Indians living in the highlands of Gauatemala.
Munda: They are mostly located in the State of Madhya Pradesh in India.
Nagas: Hill tribe of Nagaland (India).
Negritos: are the ancient tribes of Andamans.
Negro: A race of men distinguished by dark skin, fuzzy hair, broad and protruding lips, living in south-west and Central Africa.
Red Indians: Race living in U.S.A. between the rocky Mountains and the Missouri River. They are original inhabitants of America.
Santhals: Aboriginal natives of Orissa and Chhotanagpur.
Semangs: are tribal people living in Malaysia.
Todas: They are aboriginal tribe of the Nilgiris (India).
Zulus: are a race of negroid people in Natal (South Africa), having close ethnic, linguistic and cultural ties with the Swazis and the Bantus.

Chief Crops and Producing States

Bajra (millets): Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Barley: U.P., Bihar, Haryana. Its cultivation requires cool climate.
Cardamom: Karnataka. India is the largest producer of cardamom in the world.
Cashewnut: Kerala.
Cinchona: Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills); West Bengal (Darjeeling).
Coconut: Kerala is the leading producer of coconut in India. A coconut tree normally yield 60-70 nuts in a year.
Coffee: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills) and Kerala. It is a tropical shrub.
Cotton: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Maharashtra.
Cotton Seeds: Maharashtra, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Gram and Pulses: U.P., Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Groundnut: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.
Hemp: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and U.P.
Jute: Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
Linseed: Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, U.P.,  Maharashtra and West Bengal.
Maize: U.P., Bihar and the Punjab.
Mustard and Rape-seed (Sarson): U.P., West Bengal, Punjab, Bihar and Orissa.
Poppy (opium plant): U.P., Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir.
Rice: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Orissa. Rice is sown on the largest acreage in India.
Rubber: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.
Saffron: Jammu and Kashmir. It is obtained from the stigma of the saffron plant.
Silk: Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal and Assam.
Spices: Pepper in Kerala and West Bengal; Chillies in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra; Cardamom in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; Betelnuts in West Bengal and South India.
Sugarcane: U.P., Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab and Maharashtra.
Tea: Assam, West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills), Uttarkhand (Dehradun)  and Himachal Pradesh (Kangra Hills).
Tobacco: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, U.P., West Bengal, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Wheat: U.P., Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. To some extent in Bihar, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. It is sown in October-November and reaped in April.
(The first mentioned is the chief producing State)

Kharif and Rabi Crops
Kharif Crops: are crops raised in autumn as a result of sowing done in June-July. These are cotton, rice, maize and millets.
Rabi Crops: are winter crops sown in October and November and reaped in April. These are wheat, gram, linseed and mustard.

Favourable climate and soil conditions for the growth of certain crops

Wheat: Its plant requires a cool climate in the beginning, warm and dry weather at the time of harvesting and rainfall at intervals—between 20’’ to 30’’. A clayey soil is very favourable.
Barley: cool climate and a soil poorer than that required for wheat.
Rice: hot and moist climate with rainfall from 40’’ to 80’’ or over and rich soil. The plant is required to remain under water for several days in the beginning. A marshy soil is very suitable.
Sugarcane: an evenly high temperature with sufficient rainfall—about 40’’. It needs a fertile soil, having lime and salt in it.
Tobacco: hot and moist climate; rich soil.
Spices: (pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, cloves, nutmegs) hot, moist and even climate.
Opium: It requires hot and moist climate with a rich soil.
Maize: warm and moist (but not very moist) climate.
Cotton: It requires warm, moist and even climate where summer is long and where the soil contains salt. Sea-breeze is beneficial for quality of the fibre. The ideal situation for plantation is lowlands near the sea coast or on islands in semi-tropical latitudes.
Jute: It requires a high temperature with a minimum of about 80°F during the period of growth. It also needs rich sandy soil, sufficient rainfall well distributed over the period of growth, ample supply of water for soaking of plants and for washing the stripped fibre. It also needs suitable and sufficient labour to handle the crop at the proper time.
Rubber: The plantation of rubber trees is better adapted to areas where the climate is warm and humid.
Tea: (Tea is dried leaves of an evergreen shrub). It requires warm and moist climate. It is grown on mountain slopes. At least 60’’ annual rainfall in showers is needed for the new leaves to sprout. If water is allowed to stay, the roots are destroyed. So mountain slopes on which water does not accumulate are necessary. Soil containing iron is an additional advantage.
Coffee: requires warm and moist climate and a height between 457 metres and 762 metres—rainfall above 60’’. The plant cannot stand extreme cold. When young, the plant is required to be protected from strong sunshine.
Millets: (Jawar and Bajra) require a hot and sufficiently dry climate and poor soil.
Groundnuts: require a hot climate and moderate rainfall 29’’ to 40’’. Soil should be light and sandy.
Oilseeds: require hot and moist climate and a rich soil.

Mineral Resources of India

India possesses huge mineral wealth but it is not much exploited. Coal, gold, mica, building materials, salt, petroleum, manganese ore, iron ore, copper ore and ilmenite are produced in quantities to be of real importance to industry and other sectors of economy. Out of these, mica, manganese ore and ilmenite are largely exported. India has, however, adequate resources of industrial clay, steatite, bauxite, chromite, titanium ore etc.

(The first-mentioned is the State in which the mineral is chiefly found)
Aluminium: Kerala. It is extracted from Bauxite.
Antimony: Antimony deposits are found in the Punjab and Karnataka.
Asbestos: Karnataka and Rajasthan.
Barytes: (Barium Sulphate) Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Manbhum and Singhbhum districts of Jharkhand.
Bantonite: Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir.
Bauxite: Ranchi and Palamau districts of Jharkhand, Belgaum, Kharia and Thana districts of Maharashtra; Balaghat, Jabalpur, Mandia and Bilaspur districts of Madhya Pradesh. It is an ore of aluminium.
Beryllium Sands: Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Kashmir and Bihar.
Cement: Katni in M.P., Lakheri in Rajasthan, Jabalpur (M.P.), Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), Jhinkapani (Singhbhum district of Jharkhand), Surajpur (Haryana).
China Clay: Rajmahal Hills, Singhbhum district of Bihar, Kerala.
Chromite: Singhbhum and Bhagalpur (Jharkhand); Ratnagiri, Salem (Tamil Nadu); Karnataka; Keonjhar (Orissa); Ladakh (Kashmir).
Coal: Raniganj (West Bengal); Jharia, Giridih, Karanpur (Bihar); Bokaro, (Jharkhand) Panch Valley and Chanda (M.P.); Singareni (Andhra Pradesh) and Mukum (Assam).
Cobalt: Rajasthan and Kerala.
Copper: Jharkhand (Singhbhum and Barajamda); Rajasthan (Khetri).
Corborundum: Khasi Hills (Assam); Rewa (M.P.); Salem (Tamil Nadu); Karnataka and Jammu & Kashmir.
Diamond: Diamond mines are found in Panna district of Madhya Pradesh.
Feldspar: Burdwan (West Bengal); Rewa (M.P.); Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu); Alwar and Ajmer (Rajasthan).
Fuller’s Earth: (soft clay used in soap-making) is found in Rajasthan, M.P. and Karnataka.
Gold: Kolar gold-fields (Karnataka).
Graphite: Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa and Kerala.
Gypsum: Bikaner and Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu), Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh.
Heavy Water: Talchar in Orissa; Kota in Rajasthan; Baroda in Gujarat; Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu; Nangal in Punjab.
Ilmenite: Kerala. Occurs in the “Bank Sands” of the beaches near Quilon.
Iron Ore: Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Keonjhar and  Mayurbhanj (Orissa).
Kaynite: largest deposits occur at Kharswan near Jamshedpur, Singhbhum (Bihar).
Lac: W. Bengal.
Lead: Zawar in Udaipur and at the Banjavi mines in Jaipur (Rajasthan).
Lignite: Neyveli in South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).
Limestone: Singareni and Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Panchmahal (Gujarat), Balaghat, Bhandara, Chhindwara, Nagpur, Indore, Vishakhapatnam, Sandur (Tamil Nadu).
Manganese: Madhya Pradesh.
Marble: Jaipur (Rajasthan).
Mica: Koderma in Hazaribagh district, Monghyr (Bihar), Nellore in Andhra Pradesh.
Monazite Sands: are found in abundance in Travancore coast (Kerala State). Thorium is processed from Monazite sands.
Nitre: Bihar, U.P., Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
Petroleum: Digboi, Badarpur, Musimpur and Patharia fields of Assam, Cambay basin near Baroda where oilfields have been discovered and production has started. Large-scale drilling for oil is in progress in India in Bombay and Gujarat.
Pitchblende: Gaya (Bihar).
Red Stone: Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Salt: Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan), and is also obtained from ocean water of Ranns of Kutch, on the north-western and south-eastern littoral (sea-shore) of India.
Saltpetre: Punjab, U.P. and Bihar.
Silmanite: Khasi Hills (Assam); Rewa (M.P.). Silmanite is used in the manufacture of furnace-lining in iron and steel industry. It is also used in glass and ceramic industry.
Silver: Karnataka; Singhbhum and Manbhum (Jharkhand); Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.
Steatite: Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, U.P., Karnataka and Rajasthan.
Tin: (Bihar) Hazaribagh district.
Thorium: (Processed from monazite sand) Travancore (Kerala).
Tungsten: Bihar, Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Marwar.
Uranium: Bihar.
Zinc: from Zawar mines in Udaipur (Rajasthan).
Zircon: occurs in the beach sands of Kerala and Cape Comorin.

Bihar produces 40% of the mineral wealth of India.

World’s Largest Producers of Crops, Minerals, Industrial goods etc.

Aluminium: U.S.A., Canada Norway, Switzerland, France and India.
Asbestos: Canada leads in the world in production of Asbestos.
Carpets: Iran, India.
Cheese: U.S.A., England, Netherlands and Australia.
Coal: U.S.A., England, Germany, Russia, Australia and India.
Cocoa: Ghana, S. America and West Indies.
Coffee: Brazil, Indonesia, India.
Copper: Chile.
Cotton: U.S.A., Russia, Egypt, India, Brazil, Argentina and Pakistan.
Electric Bulbs: England, U.S.A., India.
Gold: South Africa, Australia, Canada, S. America, India.
Ilmenite: India.
Iron ore: U.S.A., CIS, U.K., France, Germany, India and Spain.
Jute: Bangladesh, India.
Manganese: India is largest producer of Manganese in the world. Gabon Republic situated on the western coast of South Africa is known as having one of the richest deposits at Moanda.
Mercury: Italy, Spain and U.S.A.
Monazite: India, supplies 88% of the world’s need.
Petroleum: U.S.A., Venezuela, Russia, Middle East countries, Iran and Myanmar.
Plastic Goods: U.S.A., England.
Rock Phosphate: Morocco is world’s leading supplier.
Rubber: Malaysia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. About 40% of the world’s natural rubber is produced by Malaysia.
Silk: China, U.S.A., France.
Silver: Mexico, U.S.A., Peru and India.
Steel: U.S.A., Germany, CIS and England.
Sugar: Cuba.
Tea: India, China, Sri Lanka, Japan and Indonesia.
Tin: Malaysia, Indonesia.
Wool: Australia, Argentina, New Zealand and South Africa.
(The first-mentioned country in each case shown in italics is the largest producer)

RAS/RTS (Pre.) Examination, 2007

Geography (Held on 23-12-2007)

1. ‘Kayals’ are found in—
(A) Andhra Pradesh
(B) Kerala
(C) Rajasthan
(D) Tamil Nadu
Ans : (B)

2. Which one of the following rivers originates from Amarkantak ?
(A) Mahanadi
(B) Narmada
(C) Son
(D) Godavari
Ans : (B)

3. Which one of the following ports is the leading exporter of iron ore ?
(A) Marmagaon
(B) Paradwip
(C) Vishakhapatnam
(D) Kochi
Ans : (C)

4. Which one of the following types of forests occupies the highest percentage in India ?
(A) Tropical deciduous
(B) Savanna and desert vegetation
(C) Equatorial evergreen
(D) Conifers and pines
Ans : (A)

5. Which one of the following is the highest peak of India ?
(A) Nanda Devi
(B) Kanchanjunga
(C) Makalu
(D) Everest
Ans : (A)

6. Noonmati Oil Refinery of India is located in—
(A) Bihar
(B) Maharashtra
(C) Assam
(D) Kerala
Ans : (C)

7. Isohyets are—
(A) Lines on a map showing equal rainfall
(B) Lines on a map having same mean temperature
(C) Lines on a map having same barometric pressure
(D) Lines on a map showing equal height from mean sea level
Ans : (A)

8. Which one of the following is not a suitable method for showing urban population ?
(A) Circle
(B) Shade
(C) Sphere
(D) Divided circle
Ans : (D)

9. Arrange the following States in respect of coal reserves and select the correct answer from the code given below—
1. Jharkhand
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. Orissa
4. West Bengal
Codes :
(A) 1 4 2 3
(B) 1 3 4 2
(C) 4 3 2 1
(D) 4 3 1 2
Ans : (B)

10. Consider the following statement and select the correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : The Bhanger land belongs to the Pleistocene period.
Reason (R) : The Karewas of Kashmir are the Pleistocene deposits.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true
Ans : (B)

11. Consider the following statement and select the correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : The concept of differential heating about the origin of Indian Monsoon was given by Helley.
Reason (R) : The concept of differential heating explains the origin of Indian monsoon.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true
Ans : (A)

12. Namdhapa Tiger Reserve is in the State of—
(A) Arunachal Pradesh
(B) Kerala
(C) Tamil Nadu
(D) Bihar
Ans : (A)

13. Pensi La connects—
(A) Srinagar with Leh
(B) Sikkim with Tibet
(C) Himachal Pradesh with Kargil
(D) Himachal Pradesh with Tibet
Ans : (A)

14. Agricultural Location Theory was developed by—
(A) Von Thunen, J.H.
(B) Stamp, D.
(C) Thompson, W.S.
(D) Weber, A.
Ans : (A)

15. The term ‘Conurbation’ was coined by—
(A) Harvey, D.
(B) Patrick Geddes
(C) Dickinson, R. E.
(D) Ullman
Ans : (B)

16. Which one of the following is correctly matched ?
(A) Mega City — P. Geddes
(B) Primate City — C. O. Sauer
(C) C. B. D. — C. C. Colby
(D) Rank Size Rule — G. K. Zipf
Ans : (D)

17. The Theory of Industrial Location was propounded by—
(A) Alfred Weber
(B) C. C. Colby
(C) Rostov, W. W.
(D) Christaller, W.
Ans : (A)

18. Which one of the following States is the leading producer of bauxite ?
(A) Jharkhand
(B) Orissa
(C) Maharashtra
(D) Gujarat
Ans : (B)

19. Which one of the following States is the leading producer of Gypsum ?
(A) Madhya Pradesh
(B) Rajasthan
(C) Orissa
(D) Tamil Nadu
Ans : (B)

20. In which of the following States the highest percentage of Wallastonite is mined ?
(A) Rajasthan
(B) Madhya Pradesh
(C) Uttar Pradesh
(D) Bihar
Ans : (A)

21. The first scientific attempt for the demarcation of agricultural regions of the world was made by—
(A) Stamp, D.
(B) Whittlesey, D.
(C) Hartshorne
(D) Johnston, R. J.
Ans : (B)

22. Which one of the following is correctly matched ?
(A) Kaiga — Tamil Nadu
(B) Kalpakkam —Andhra Pradesh
(C) Rawatbhata —Rajasthan
(D) Kundankulam —Kerala
Ans : (C)

23. Singhbhum Iron Ore Fields lie in the State of—
(A) Orissa
(B) Jharkhand
(C) Karnataka
(D) Madhya Pradesh
Ans : (B)

24. Which one of the following areas has the largest petroleum deposits in India ?
(A) Mumbai-High
(B) Godavari Basin
(C) Gujarat Coast
(D) Brahmaputra Valley
Ans : (A)

25. In which of the following States uranium is not found ?
(A) Meghalaya
(B) Himachal Pradesh
(C) Assam
(D) Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal)
Ans : (D)

26. Which of the following districts in Rajasthan fall under Bwhw climatic region ?
(A) Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Ganganagar
(B) Dungarpur, Banswara, Jhalawar
(C) Dholpur, Karauli, Bharatpur
(D) Jaipur, Ajmer, Bhilwara
Ans : (A)

27. Which one of the following is not suitable for the generation of geo-thermal energy in India ?
(A) East coast of Tamil Nadu
(B) Puga Valley of Ladakh
(C) Manikaran Area (Himachal Pradesh)
(D) West coast of Maharashtra
Ans : (A)

28. Ideal conditions for generation of solar energy is found in—
(A) Tamil Nadu
(B) Rajasthan
(C) Uttarakhand
(D) Madhya Pradesh
Ans : (B)

29. Which one of the following lakes is of potable (sweet) water ?
(A) Sambhar Lake
(B) Dhebar Lake
(C) Phalodi
(D) Didwana
Ans : (B)

30. Which one of the following is not correctly matched ?
(A) Alwar —Sabi, Ruparel
(B) Udaipur —Banas, Berach
(C) Karauli —Jagar, Gambhir
(D) Dungarpur —Banganga, Morel
Ans : (D)

31. Lohagarh Fort is located at—
(A) Jaipur
(B) Alwar
(C) Bharatpur
(D) Dholpur
Ans : (C)

32. Which one of the following districts has the highest percentage of literacy (2001) ?
(A) Jaipur
(B) Kota
(C) Udaipur
(D) Sikar
Ans : (B)

33. Jayal Gravel Ridge is found in the district of—
(A) Barmer District
(B) Nagaur District
(C) Jalore District
(D) Churu District
Ans : (B)

34. Bankapatti area is found in the district of—
(A) Jodhpur
(B) Ajmer
(C) Nagaur
(D) Jhunjhunu
Ans : (C)

35. The source of the Chambal river is—
(A) Kumbhalgarh Plateau
(B) Mt. Abu
(C) Alwar Hills
(D) Janapau Hills
Ans : (D)

36. Which one of the following districts has highest percentage of forest area ?
(A) Karauli
(B) Udaipur
(C) Sirohi
(D) Banswara
Ans : (A)

37. Which one of the following countries supported Greening Aravalli Project in Rajasthan ?
(A) Germany
(B) Norway
(C) Japan
(D) England
Ans : (C)

38. Desert Development Programme in Rajasthan was started in—
(A) 1974-75
(B) 1982-83
(C) 1977-78
(D) 1986-87
Ans : (C)

39. ‘Lathi Series’ belongs to—
(A) Triassic Period
(B) Permian Period
(C) Silurian Period
(D) Ordovician Period
Ans : (A)

40. ‘Khoh Dariba’ region is associated with the mining of—
(A) Lead and Zinc
(B) Copper
(C) Manganese
(D) Silver
Ans : (B)

41. Which one of the following rivers drains into Sambhar Lake ?
(A) Kantli
(B) Bandi
(C) Mendha
(D) Mashi
Ans : (C)

42. Rajasthan is the leading producer in the country in—
(A) Gram
(B) Mustard
(C) Cotton
(D) Wheat
Ans : (B)

43. Which one of the following districts are not included in Drought Prone Area Programme ?
(A) Kota—Baran
(B) Dungarpur—Banswara
(C) Tonk—Sawai Madhopur
(D) Alwar—Bharatpur
Ans : (D)

44. Which one of the districts has the largest deposits of Tungesten ?
(A) Ajmer
(B) Nagaur
(C) Sirohi
(D) Jaipur
Ans : (B)

45. Which one of the following districts is the leading producer of Maize ?
(A) Chittorgarh
(B) Bhilwara
(C) Raj Samand
(D) Udaipur
Ans : (D)

46. Which one of the following trees is known as ‘Kalp Taru’ of Rajasthan’ ?
(A) Sagawan
(B) Mango
(C) Neem
(D) Khejari
Ans : (D)

47. Main Sanctuary of ‘Dangland’ is—
(A) Bhainsrorgarh Sanctuary
(B) Kaladevi Wildlife Sanctuary
(C) Sita Mata Sanctuary
(D) Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary
Ans : (B)

48. Menal Waterfall is located in the district of—
(A) Chittorgarh
(B) Bundi
(C) Bhilwara
(D) Rajsamand
Ans : (C)

49. Which one of the following districts accounts for lowest density of population (2001) ?
(A) Jodhpur
(B) Jaisalmer
(C) Barmer
(D) Jalore
Ans : (B)

50. Dabok Airport is associated with—
(A) Jodhpur
(B) Jaipur
(C) Kota
(D) Udaipur
Ans : (D)

51. Which one of the following States has the highest growth rate of population (1991–2001) ?
(A) Uttar Pradesh
(B) Maharashtra
(C) Rajasthan
(D) Madhya Pradesh
Ans : (C)

52. Which one of the following districts has the highest growth rate of urban population (1991–2001) ?
(A) Jodhpur
(B) Bhilwara
(C) Jaipur
(D) Hanumangarh
Ans : (C)

53. Arrange the following in a chronological order and select the correct answer using the code given below—
1. Gunj
2. Mindal
3. Riss
4. Wurm
Codes :
—(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 3 1 2 4
(C) 3 1 4 2
(D) 1 2 4 3
Ans : (A)

54. The dinosaurs first appeared on the earth surface during the—
(A) Permian
(B) Jurassic
(C) Cretaceous
(D) Triassic
Ans : (B)

55. Which one of the following is the most fine grained extrusive rock ?
(A) Granite
(B) Peridotite
(C) Basalt
(D) Conglomerate
Ans : (C)

56. The ‘Aurora Borealis’ occurs in the—
(A) Exosphere
(B) Ionosphere
(C) Ozonosphere
(D) Stratosphere
Ans : (B)

57. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below—
List-I (Ridge/Plateau)
(a) Amsterdam—St. Paul Plateau
(b) Challenger Rise
(c) Dolphin Rise
(d) Juan De-Fuca
List-II (Ocean)
1. North Pacific Ocean
2. Indian Ocean
3. South Atlantic Ocean
4. North Atlantic Ocean
Codes :
—(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 2 4 3 1
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 2 1 4
(D) 3 2 4 1
Ans : (B)

58. Which one of the following has the largest number of satellites ?
(A) Uranus
(B) Neptune
(C) Jupiter
(D) Saturn
Ans : (C)

59. “The Present is the Key to the Past.” This statement was made by—
(A) Dutton
(B) Strahler
(C) Hutton
(D) Dana
Ans : (C)

60. Consider the following statement and select correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : The islands along the mid Atlantic Ridge are highly prone to volcanic activity.
Reason (R) : The sea floor spreading is the main cause of earthquakes in the Atlantic Ocean.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true
Ans : (B)

61. The salinity of the oceans is maximum in the—
(A) Equatorial region
(B) Sub-Tropical region
(C) Sub-Polar region
(D) Tropical region
Ans : (B)

62. Arrange the following lakes in descending order according to area and select the correct answer using the code given below—
1. Huron
2. Michigan
3. Superior
4. Victoria
Codes :
—(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 3 4 1 2
(B) 3 4 2 1
(C) 4 3 2 1
(D) 4 3 1 2
Ans : (A)

63. Which one of the following soils has the largest percentage of the land area of the world ?
(A) Alfisols
(B) Entisols
(C) Inceptisols
(D) Aridisols
Ans : (D)

64. The concept of Peneplain was propounded by—
(A) Penck
(B) L. C. King
(C) Davis
(D) Lawson
Ans : (C)

65. Match the List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below—
List-I (Country)
(a) Austria
(b) Albania
(c) Hungary
(d) Slovenia
List-II (Capital)
1. Budapest
2. Ljubljana
3. Vienna
4. Tirana
Codes :
—(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 3 4 1 2
(B) 3 4 2 1
(C) 4 3 1 2
(D) 4 2 3 1
Ans : (A)

66. Which one of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) Tokyo is the largest urban centre
(B) Kyushu is bigger than Shikoku
(C) Japan consists of 4000 islands
(D) The Ainu of Hokkaido belongs to yellow race
Ans : (C)

67. Which one of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) Cook Strait lies between North and South Islands of New Zealand
(B) Bass Strait lies between Australia and New Zealand
(C) Foveaux Strait lies between Stewart Island and North Island of New Zealand
(D) Torres Strait lies between New Guinea and Australia
Ans : (B)

68. The Tropic of Capricorn passes through which one of the following countries ?
(A) Botswana
(B) Swaziland
(C) Zambia
(D) Zimbabwe
Ans : (A)

69. Which one of the following is not correct ?
(A) Rio de Janeiro is known as the magnificent city
(B) Rio de Janeiro has been the capital of Brazil
(C) Sao Paulo is a Mega City
(D) Sao Paulo is a Sea-Port
Ans : (D)

70. Brazilian Plateau is rich in—
(A) Petroleum
(B) Copper
(C) Nickel
(D) Iron ore
Ans : (D)

71. Which one of the following is the largest city of Africa ?
(A) Durban
(B) Lagos
(C) Nairobi
(D) Cairo
Ans : (D)

72. The marshy lands of rivers are known as ‘Sudd’ in which of the following countries ?
(A) Sudan
(B) Ethiopia
(C) Nigeria
(D) Egypt
Ans : (A)

73. Which one of the following is not a ‘land-locked’ country ?
(A) Mali
(B) Niger
(C) Chad
(D) Sudan
Ans : (D)

74. The island of Socotra belongs to—
(A) Yemen
(B) United Arab Emirates (UAE)
(C) Oman
(D) Saudi Arabia
Ans : (A)

75. Mt. Kota Kinabalu is the highest peak in—
(A) Myanmar
(B) Indonesia
(C) Thailand
(D) Malaysia
Ans : (D)

76. Which one of the following countries has the highest density of population ?
(A) Japan
(B) India
(C) China
(D) Indonesia
Ans : (A)

77. Which one of the following is the most busy navigable river ?
(A) Volga
(B) Sein
(C) Rhine
(D) Danube
Ans : (C)

78. Hoover Dam is located on—
(A) Colorado River
(B) Nile River
(C) Rhine River
(D) Niger River
Ans : (A)

79. World’s deepest Ocean Trench is—
(A) Kermadec Trench
(B) Marianas Trench
(C) Indonesian Trench
(D) Kuril Trench
Ans : (B)

80. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below—
List-I (Climatic type)
(a) Tropical Rain forest
(b) Tropical Savanna climate
(c) Mediterranean climate
(d) Humid Sub-tropical climate
List-II (Region)
1. Just at the fringe of Sahara
2. Western Africa near Equator
3. North-West USA
4. South Africa
Codes :
—(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 4 3
(B) 2 1 4 3
(C) 2 1 3 4
(D) 1 2 3 4
Ans : (B)

81. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below—
List-I (Ocean Current)
(a) Agulhas Current
(b) El Nino Current
(c) Kuroshio Current
(d) Benguela Current
List-II (Name of Ocean)
1. North Pacific Ocean
2. South Atlantic Ocean
3. South Pacific Ocean
4. Indian Ocean
Codes :
—(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 4 3 1 2
(B) 4 3 2 1
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 3 4 2 1
Ans : (A)

82. The International Airport of Washington D.C. is known as—
(A) George Bush International Airport
(B) Dulles International Airport
(C) Heathrow International Airport
(D) Gatwick International Airport
Ans : (B)

83. The concept of Continental Drift was propounded by—
(A) Holms
(B) Wegener
(C) Kober
(D) Daly
Ans : (B)

84. The Tetrahedral Theory was propounded by—
(A) Wegener
(B) Joly
(C) Lowthian Green
(D) Jaffreys
Ans : (C)

85. The author of Anthropogeography was—
(A) Ratzel F.
(B) Semple
(C) Ritter C.
(D) Huntington
Ans : (A)

86. The main contribution of Al-Idris was in the field of—
(A) Astronomy
(B) Cartography
(C) Historical Geography
(D) Physical Geography
Ans : (B)

87. The prime meridian of the classical Indian geographers used to be drawn through the city of—
(A) Patliputra
(B) Ujjain
(C) Indra Prastha
(D) Kannauj
Ans : (B)

88. Which one of the following has the highest rank in Human Development ?
(A) Vietnam
(B) Malaysia
(C) Philippines
(D) Indonesia
Ans : (B)

89. The shelter of Badwins tribe is known as—
(A) Khaima
(B) Igloo
(C) Kraal
(D) Reed-Hut
Ans : (D)

90. “Man is a product of earth surface.” This statement was made by—
(A) Semple
(B) Kant
(C) Humboldt
(D) Ritter
Ans : (A)

91. Which one of the following is the longest river in the world ?
(A) Nile
(B) Amazon
(C) Niger
(D) Congo
Ans : (A)

92. Which one of the following is a Mega City in the world ?
(A) Tokyo
(B) Hyderabad
(C) Nairobi
(D) Frankfurt
Ans : (A)

93. The R.F. of 45 N/13 will be—
(A) 1 : 25,000
(B) 1 : 10,000
(C) 1 : 50,000
(D) 1 : 100,000
Ans : (C)

94. The line joining the points of equal height above sea level is known as—
(A) Isobar
(B) Isotherm
(C) Isohyet
(D) Contour
Ans : (D)

95. Which one of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) For Baltic region and France the conical projection with two standard parallel is most appropriate
(B) Trans-Siberian railways can best be shown on conical projection with one standard parallel
(C) International map projection is a modified Bonne’s projection
(D) Bonne’s projection is a modified conical projection
Ans : (C)

96. The concept of base level was given by—
(A) Powell
(B) Davis
(C) King
(D) Penck
Ans : (A)

97. The principle of Interaction was introduced by—
(A) Martone
(B) Richthofen
(C) Brunhes
(D) Vidal de La Blache
Ans : (C)

98. Consider the following statement and select the correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : The Mollweid Projection was propounded by a British Cartographer.
Reason (R) : Mollweid Projection is an equal area projection.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true
Ans : (D)

99. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below—
List-I (Projection)
(a) Bonne’s Projection
(b) Gall’s Projection
(c) Cylindrical Projection
(d) Mercator’s Projection
List-II (Property)
1. Length of equator is 2πR
2. Pole is a straight line
3. All parallels are standard parallels
4. The scale along the parallels and meridians is the same at a point
Codes :
—(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 3 2 4 1
(B) 3 1 2 4
(C) 1 3 4 2
(D) 1 3 2 4
Ans : (A)

100. Consider the following statement and select the correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : Hydergraph is based on rainfall and temperature data was developed by
Griffith Taylor.
Reason (R) : Hydergraph was developed by Griffith Taylor.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true
Ans : (A)

R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre.) Exam., 2008

Geography 

(Held on 7-1-2009) 

1. Which of the following statements about the shape of the Earth is correct ?
(A) It is oblate spheroid
(B) It bulges slightly at the poles
(C) It is a little flattened at the Equator
(D) It is exactly spherical in shape without any bulge at any place

2. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of landforms developed under fluvial cycle of erosion ?
(A) Gorge, flood plain, piedmont plain, delta
(B) Gorge, piedmont plain, flood plain, delta
(C) Gorge, piedmont plain, delta, flood plain
(D) Piedmont plain, gorge, flood plain, delta

3. Spring equinox falls on—
(A) March 21
(B) June 21
(C) September 23
(D) December 22

4. Relative humidity refers to—
(A) Absolute amount of water vapour in the atmosphere
(B) The amount of hygroscopic nuclei in the atmosphere
(C) Saturated vapour pressure
(D) Rate of actual amount of water vapour in the air to the amount it could hold at that temperature

5. Solar energy which reaches the earth surface is called—
(A) Radiated energy
(B) Radiant
(C) Sunlight
(D) Conduction

6. A broad channel where the waters of a river and a sea mingle is called—
(A) a delta
(B) an estuary
(C) a harbour
(D) a strait

7. Assertion (A) : In orographic nature of rainfall, the windward slope of a mountain range gets more rainfall than the lea ward slope.
Reason (R) : The warm and humid air that descends down the slope get warmed up and dry.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

8. During which period did the domestication of plants and animals take place ?
(A) Paleolithic period
(B) Mesolithic period
(C) Neolithic period
(D) Dark age

9. What is the main occupation of Eskimos ?
(A) Summer cultivation
(B) Winter woodwork
(C) Fishing and Hunting
(D) Handicrafts

10. The process of gradual spread over space of people or ideas from the centre of origin is known as—
(A) Distribution
(B) Diffusion
(C) Innovation
(D) Decentralization

11. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?
(A) Masai — Matagonia
(B) Kirghiz — Kazakhstan
(C) Melanesians — Malaysia
(D) Pygmies — Tanzania

12. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists—
List-I (Tribe)
(a) Jarwa
(b) Todas
(c) Angami
(d) Saura
List-II (Occupation)
1. Shifting cultivation
2. Terraced cultivation
3. Pastoral
4. Food gathering
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 3 4 1 2
(B) 4 3 1 2
(C) 4 3 2 1
(D) 3 4 2 1

13. Which one of the following agricultural pattern is not practiced in Western Europe ?
(A) Dairy farming
(B) Mixed farming
(C) Market gardening
(D) Intensive subsistence farming

14. Which of the following statements are correct ?
1. Lignite and low grade bituminous coal were formed during the Quaternary period.
2. Dolomite is used as refractory material and flux in iron and steel industry.
3. Chhota Nagpur Plateau is the most extensive, rich and diversified mineral belt.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 1 and 2
(C) 2 and 3
(D) 1 and 3

15. Assertion (A) : All biotic resources are renewable.
Reason (R) : Biotic resources can reproduce and regenerate their population as long as environmental conditions remain favourable.
Of these statements—
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(D) (A) is true but (R) is false.

16. Which of the folllowing pairs are correctly matched ?

Industrial Region	Major Industrial Centres
1. Ukraine	Krivoy Rog
2. Kuzbas	Novosibirsk
3. Central Asia	Karaganda
4. Volga	Moscow

Select the correct answer using the codes given below—
Codes :
(A) 1 and 3
(B) 1 and 2
(C) 2 and 3
(D) 1, 2 and 3

17. The extensive coffee plantation in Brazil is called—
(A) Fazendas
(B) Trasil
(C) Corrals
(D) Estancias

18. Myanmar is industrially backward because of—
(A) Easy livelihood from agriculture
(B) Uneven land surface
(C) Limited local market
(D) Lack of iron ore and coal

19. If the map drawn to a scale of 1 cm to 30 km is to be enlarged three times, then representative fraction of the enlarged map will be—
(A) 1 : 1,000,000
(B) 1 : 3,000,000
(C) 1 : 6,000,000
(D) 1 : 9,000,000

20. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists—
List-I (Instruments)
(a) Planimeter
(b) Pantograph
(c) Parallex bar
(d) Clinometer
List-II (Purpose)
1. Measures angles and slopes on ground
2. Calculation of areas on maps
3. Enlargement and reduction of maps
4. Measures the elevation from the photographs
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 4 2 3 1
(B) 2 1 3 4
(C) 2 3 4 1
(D) 1 3 4 2

21. The contours merge and run as a single line for a short distance in the case of a—
(A) Cliff
(B) Knobe
(C) Gorge
(D) Re-entrant

22. What are Cadastral maps used for ?
(A) To show the boundaries of fields and buildings
(B) To show urban areas
(C) To demarcate wasteland
(D) To demarcate land use pattern

23. Ergograph relates to—
(A) Relative humidity and rainfall
(B) Temperature and rainfall
(C) Climate and growing season of crops
(D) Rainfall and winds

24. A line on a map joining points in the oceans that have equal salinity is called—
(A) Isobath
(B) Isocline
(C) Isohaline
(D) Isogonic

25. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists—
List-I (Mountains)
(a) Andes
(b) Appalacian
(c) Vesuvius
(d) Catskill
List-II (Type)
1. Old folded
2. New folded
3. Residual
4. Volcanic
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 2 1 4 3
(B) 1 4 3 2
(C) 3 2 4 1
(D) 4 3 2 1

26. Conventional storms in the Atlantics are known as—
(A) Hurricanes
(B) Typhoons
(C) Cyclones
(D) Tornadoes

27. Consider the following statements and select correct answer from the codes given below :
Assertion (A) : Podzol soils are poor in bases.
Reason (R) : They develop in tropical areas.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

28. The largest number and widest variety of plants and animals would be found in—
(A) Tropical grasslands
(B) Tropical forests
(C) Temperate forests
(D) Temperate grasslands

29. A natural region has the similarity of—
(A) climate and natural vegetation
(B) climate and occupation
(C) soil and drainage
(D) economic base and natural vegetation

30. Consider the following statements and select correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : The population of the world has experienced an unprecedented growth during the 20th Century.
Reason (R) : Rapid advances in medical technology reduced death rate of population very significantly during the 20th
Century.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

31. Which one of the following is the most significant ecological determinant of population distribution in the world ?
(A) Physical features
(B) Mortality rate
(C) Land fertility
(D) Climate

32. Population growth in most of the developing countries of Asia is determined by—
(A) Birth rate and migration
(B) Migration and death rate
(C) Birth rate, death rate and migration
(D) Birth rate and death rate

33. The people of which country are known as Magyars ?
(A) Hungary
(B) Slovakia
(C) Austria
(D) Romania

34. Non-commercial pastoral nomadism is a way of life in the—
(A) Velds of South Africa
(B) Steppes of Mangolia
(C) Prairies of Canada
(D) Australian downs

35. Consider the following statement and select correct answer from the codes given below :
Assertion (A) : When British Rule ended in India, many Anglo-Indians migrated to Australia.
Reason (R) : Some migrations are caused by religious attraction.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

36. Hunting and fishing is the main occupation of the people living in—
(A) Equatorial regions
(B) Polar regions
(C) Temperate grasslands
(D) Semi-desertic regions

37. There are rich fishing grounds off the coast of Peru and Chile for the reason of—
(A) Shallow continent shelf
(B) Convergence of cold and warm currents
(C) Upwelling of water from deeper layers
(D) Flow of warm ocean currents

38. Consider the following statement and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Assertion (A) : The boundary marking the termination of tree growth is known as timber line.
Reason (R) : Its location is determined by the amount of moisture, exposure, evaporation and depth of snow.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

39. The breed of sheep which produces the best quality wool is—
(A) Kutchi
(B) Merino
(C) Chokla
(D) Magra

40. Agriculture involving both crops and livestock is called—
(A) Intensive farming
(B) Extensive farming
(C) Mixed farming
(D) Double farming

41. Laterization process forms—
(A) A layer rich in minerals
(B) A layer rich in iron contents
(C) A layer rich in living organisms
(D) A layer rich in calcium

42. Which one of the following countries leads in export of condensed milk ?
(A) India
(B) Belgium
(C) Italy
(D) Netherlands

43. Which one of the following is not true about Singapore, the smallest country in Southeast Asia ?
(A) Has no natural resources
(B) Has the highest per capita income in whole of Southeast Asia
(C) Has non-strategic location
(D) Has well-educated population

44. Which one of the following countries in Southwest Asia has the largest well-irrigated farmland ?
(A) Lebanon
(B) Syria
(C) Iraq
(D) Jordan

45. Which one of the following regions is called as ‘rust belt’ of Japan ?
(A) Northern Honshu
(B) Southern Honshu
(C) Shikoku Islands
(D) Kyushu Islands

46. Which one of the following countries in East Asia adopted ‘Great Leap Forward’ policy for its rapid socio-economic transformation ?
(A) Japan
(B) Korea
(C) Taiwan
(D) China

47. Which one of the following statements is not true about U.S.A. ?
(A) Is the largest market economy in the world
(B) Has a federal system of governance
(C) Is a highly urbanised and metropolized country
(D) Rural areas in Southern America are highly rich

48. Two Russian terms which entered the English language during Mikhail Gorbachev’s restructuring of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s were—
(A) Bolshevik and Menskevik
(B) Perestroika and Zaibatsu
(C) Novgoroad and Glasnost
(D) Perestroika and Glasnost

49. Russia’s main trading partner(s) is/are—
(A) Other CIS countries
(B) China
(C) Western Europe
(D) Japan

50. The Mount Everest falls along the natural boundary between—
(A) India and Nepal
(B) India and China
(C) Nepal and China
(D) Pakistan and China

51. The correct monsoon sequence (Season/Climatic conditions) is—
(A) Summer/Wet; Winter/Dry
(B) Summer/Dry; Winter/Wet
(C) Summer/Cold; Winter/Warm
(D) Summer/Mild; Winter/Wet

52. Which one of the following Indian States has the longest coastline ?
(A) Maharashtra
(B) Tamil Nadu
(C) Karnataka
(D) Andhra Pradesh

53. In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with—
1. Excessive rainfall
2. Deforestation
3. Excessive Cultivation
4. Overgrazing
Codes :
(A) 1 and 2 are correct
(B) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(C) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
(D) 2 and 4 are correct

54. Which one of the following types of forest grows in the shaded portion of the given rough outline map of India ?










(A) Mixed deciduous
(B) Tropical Savannah
(C) Semi-arid Scrub lands
(D) Mangrove forests

55. Consider the following statement and select correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : Offshore fishing in Malabar coast is more developed than that in the Coromandel coast.
Reason (R) : Malabar coast has better facilities to export sea fish to African countries.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

56. The group of States having the forest cover of more than 75 per cent to the total geographical area is—
(A) Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland
(B) Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland
(C) Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland
(D) Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland

57. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists—
List-I (Cattle Breed)
(a) Gir
(b) Alambadi
(c) Dangi
(d) Deoni
List-II (State)
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Maharashtra
3. Gujarat
4. Andhra Pradesh
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 1 4 2
(D) 3 1 2 4

58. Which one of the following States has the highest livestock density in the country ?
(A) Rajasthan
(B) Madhya Pradesh
(C) Uttar Pradesh
(D) Maharashtra

59. Consider the following statement and select correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : Indian agriculture is no longer the gamble of the monsoons.
Reason (R) : There is recent expansion of dry land farming in India.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

60. Which one of the following is associated with Indian Agriculture ?
(A) I.C.A.R.
(B) I.C.C.R.
(C) I.C.M.R.
(D) I.C.W.A.

61. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists—
List-I (Name of Crop)
(a) Rice
(b) Jowar
(c) Jute
(d) Coffee
List-II (State Growing)
1. Maharashtra
2. Orissa
3. Karnataka
4. West Bengal
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 2 1 4 3

62. Which of the following dams has generation of power more than irrigation as its main aim ?
(A) Gandhi Sagar
(B) Hirakud
(C) Periyar
(D) Tunghabhadra

63. Consider the following—
1. Hematite
2. Magnetite
3. Limonite
4. Siderite
Which of the above are iron ore ?
(A) 1 and 2 only
(B) 1, 2 and 3 only
(C) 1, 2 and 4 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

64. Which Government agency is responsible for mapping and exploration of minerals in India ?
(A) Survey of India
(B) Geological Survey of India
(C) Minerals Development Corporation
(D) Indian School of Mines

65. Which one of the following is not a source of geothermal energy ?
(A) Hot Geyser
(B) Hot Spring
(C) Coal
(D) Volcano

66. Malvika Steel Plant, the first fully integrated steel plant in North, India, was set up in—
(A) Bihar
(B) Himachal Pradesh
(C) Uttar Pradesh
(D) Punjab

67. Which of the following places is not associated with fertilizers ?
(A) Panipat
(B) Alwaye
(C) Namrup
(D) Ranchi

68. The New Industrial Policy was introduced in India in the year—
(A) 1987
(B) 1991
(C) 1993
(D) 1998

69. During which Census decade, sex-ratio in India registered the sharpest decline ?
(A) 1911-12
(B) 1921-31
(C) 1951-61
(D) 1961-71

70. Which one of the following shows the correct sequence in descending order of population of the four metropolis as per 2001 Census ?
(A) Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai
(B) Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai
(C) Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi
(D) Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai

71. What is the most favoured location of settlements in the mountainous regions ?
(A) Valley bottoms
(B) Ridge tops
(C) Valley side slopes
(D) Hill top

72. Largest buyers of goods exported from India is—
(A) Asia and Oceania region
(B) North America
(C) Latin America
(D) Western European region

73. The following countries are the major trading partners of India. Using codes given below their names, put these countries in sequential order of their share in total trade of India—
1. U.S.A.
2. China
3. Hong Kong
4. United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Codes :
(A) 1, 4, 3 and 2
(B) 2, 1, 4 and 3
(C) 4, 3, 1 and 2
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

74. Which one of the following public sector agencies in India is not associated with promotion of international trade ?
(A) State Trading Corporation (STC)
(B) Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation (MMTC)
(C) Projects and Equipment Corporation of India (PEC)
(D) Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL)

75. Consider the following statement and select correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : The Rajasthan desert is covered with shifting sand dunes.
Reason (R) : For want of rain and surface flowing of water, the work of wind is felt everywhere.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

76. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists—
List-I (Summit)
(a) Dodabetta
(b) Nanda Devi
(c) Amarkantak
(d) Guru Sikhar
List-II (Mountain Range)
1. Nilgiri Hills
2. Himalaya Mountains
3. Aravali Range
4. Maikal Range
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 2 1 3 4
(B) 3 2 1 4
(C) 1 2 4 3
(D) 4 1 2 3

77. The climate around Bikaner can be described as—
(A) Mediterranean type
(B) Semi-arid steppe
(C) Hot desert
(D) Tropical monsoon

78. Which one of the following statements is not correct about the soils found in Western Rajasthan ?
(A) Contain sand interrupted by low rocky projections
(B) Contain a lot of soluble salts in the top layer
(C) Are the least leached soils and lack in humus also
(D) Are poor in phosphate but rich in nitrogen

79. Which one of the following statements is not correct about the vegetation found in Rajasthan ?
(A) Height of trees and density of plant cover is low
(B) Xerophytic plants are common
(C) The nature of vegetation does not change with variations of habitat
(D) Available forests are a good source of fuel wood and minor forest products

80. Which one of the following statements is not true about Western Arid region of Rajasthan ?
(A) This is the largest area size region in the State
(B) Bajra is the most prominent crop of the region
(C) Rural settlements are highly disperse and small in size
(D) Rainfall goes on increasing as one moves from east to west direction in the region

81. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists—
List-I (Livestock Breed)
(a) Rathi
(b) Kankrej
(c) Mallani
(d) Gir
List-II (District)
1. Nagaur
2. Jaisalmer
3. Sirohi
4. Ajmer
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 2 3 1 4

82. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below—
List-I (Mining Area)
(a) Lunkaransaur
(b) Zawar Mines
(c) Deogarh
(d) Champa-gudha
List-II (Mineral Wealth)
1. Berryllium
2. Gypsum
3. Lead and Zinc
4. Mica
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 4 2 1
(D) 4 2 1 3

83. Which one of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) According to 2001 Census, the largest and the smallest population size districts in Rajasthan State are Jaipur and Jaisalmer, respectively
(B) At 2001 Census, the largest and the smallest area size districts in Rajasthan State were Jaisalmer and Dholpur, respectively
(C) Five new districts were created in Rajasthan between 1991 and 2001 Census decades
(D) According to 2001 Census, the highest and the lowest literacy districts in Rajasthan State were Jaipur and Dungarpur, respectively

84. Which one of the following shows the correct sequence in descending order of decadal growth of population in the four districts of Rajasthan State during 1991-2001 ?
(A) Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer
(B) Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jaipur, Bikaner
(C) Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Barmer, Jaipur
(D) Bikaner, Barmer, Jaipur, Jaisalmer

85. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below—
List-I (Lake)
(a) Nakki Talab
(b) Sambhar
(c) Pichola
(d) Gadsisar
List-II (District)
1. Jaisalmer
2. Udaipur
3. Sirohi
4. Jaipur
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 3 4 2 1

86. Consider the following statement and select correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : Rajasthan is mainly a region of interior drainage.
Reason (R) : It is mainly a structural basin surrounded by hill ranges.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

87. Which one of the following statements is not correct about River Luni ?
(A) The Luni is a river of Western Rajasthan
(B) It originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range in Ajmer District
(C) It is also known as Lavanavari river
(D) The Luni and its tributaries drain the eastern slopes of the Aravali range

88. The Rajasthan Canal (Indira Gandhi Canal) draws its water from the river—
(A) Sutlej
(B) Yamuna
(C) Chambal
(D) Sutlej and Beas

89. Chambal is the joint project of—
(A) Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
(B) Madhya Pradesh and Bihar
(C) Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
(D) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

90. Which one of the following problems is not encountered in Indira Gandhi Canal command area ?
(A) Increase in soil salinity
(B) Progressive waterlogging
(C) Aeolian silting of canal
(D) Decline in water supply

91. What are Didwana and Pachpadra famous for ?
(A) Copper
(B) Lead and Zinc
(C) Salt
(D) Gypsum

92. In List-I industrial sectors has been listed, while in List-II are listed the location of industrial complexes. Match the two lists using the correct code, given ahead—
List-I (Industrial Sector)
(a) Gems and Jewellery
(b) Hosiery
(c) Ceramics
(d) Textiles
List-II (Location of Industrial Complex)
1. Pali
2. Khara (Bikaner)
3. Bhiwadi
4. Jaipur
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 4 3 2 1

93. Which one of the following shows the correct sequence in descending order of irrigated area in percentage under the four crops grown in Rajasthan State ?
(A) Wheat, Gram, Oilseeds, Cotton
(B) Wheat, Cotton, Gram, Oilseeds
(C) Oilseeds, Wheat, Gram, Cotton
(D) Cotton, Oilseeds, Wheat, Gram

94. Rajasthan, which is one of the five top ranking States in wind power potentials, has a number of very good wind power sites in the State. Match the wind power sites with districts of their location, using the correct code.
List-I (Wind power site)
(a) Devgarh
(b) Harhnath
(c) Khodal
(d) Mohangarh
List-II (District of Location)
1. Sikar
2. Barmer
3. Jaisalmer
4. Chittorgarh
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 1 2 3 4
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 4 1 2 3

95. National Highway No. 15 linking Punjab with Gujarat State passes through the territory of a number of districts in Rajasthan State. The number of such districts in the State is—
(A) Five
(B) Six
(C) Four
(D) Seven

96. Thar link express train running between Jodhpur and Munabao railway stations covers nearly a distance of—
(A) 150 km
(B) more than 200 km
(C) less than 300 km
(D) more than 300 km

97. Consider the following statement and select correct answer from the codes given below—
Assertion (A) : The area falling east of the Aravalli in Rajasthan State has higher road density than that of those falling west of the Aravalli.
Reason (R) : Relief plays an important effect in regional distribution of roads in the State of Rajasthan.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true

98. Which one of the following statements is not correct about the regional distribution of rural settlements in Rajasthan State ?
(A) Rural settlements in the Rajasthan plain are small, compact and sparsely distributed due to limited water supply and
cultivable land
(B) In excessive arid areas having sand dunes, hamleted settlements are noticed near the water-bodies
(C) In eastern parts of Rajasthan large compact villages are a common sight
(D) Indira Gandhi Canal has, however, failed to encourage compact settlements similar to Punjab in northwestern parts of Rajasthan

99. The total number of urban settlements in Rajasthan State, according to 2001 Census has been—
(A) more than 300
(B) between 150 and 200
(C) more than 250
(D) between 200 and 250

100. Which one of the following is not the objective of forestry in Rajasthan State during the XI Five Year Plan ?
(A) To achieve 33.0 per cent tree cover in the State by 2016
(B) To check desertification and restore the ecological status of the Aravallis
(C) To conserve gene-pool and improve bio-diversity of flora and fauna
(D) To elicit people’s participation for institutionalization of Joint Forest Management (JFM)

Answers :
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (B)
11. (B) 12. (C) 13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (C) 16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (C)
21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (C) 24. (C) 25. (A) 26. (A) 27. (C) 28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (A)
31. (C) 32. (D) 33. (A) 34. (A) 35. (D) 36. (B) 37. (B) 38. (C) 39. (B) 40. (C)
41. (B) 42. (D) 43. (A) 44. (C) 45. (D) 46. (D) 47. (D) 48. (D) 49. (C) 50. (C)
51. (A) 52. (D) 53. (D) 54. (D) 55. (A) 56. (C) 57. (D) 58. (C) 59. (C) 60. (A)
61. (D) 62. (A) 63. (D) 64. (B) 65. (C) 66. (C) 67. (D) 68. (B) 69. (D) 70. (A)
71. (B) 72. (A) 73. (B) 74. (D) 75. (B) 76. (C) 77. (C) 78. (D) 79. (D) 80. (D)
81. (D) 82. (B) 83. (D) 84. (C) 85. (D) 86. (C) 87. (D) 88. (D) 89. (C) 90. (D)
91. (C) 92. (D) 93. (B) 94. (D) 95. (A) 96. (A) 97. (C) 98. (A) 99. (D) 100. (C)